山东近海口虾蛄单位补充量渔获量评估

为完善口虾蛄的基础生物学资料,并为口虾蛄资源的管理提供科学指导和理论依据,本研究根据2016至2017年山东近海渔业资源底拖网调查获得的口虾蛄体长、体质量数据,估算了口虾蛄的生长、死亡参数,构建了基于体长结构的单位补充量渔获量(YPR)模型,研究口虾蛄的资源动态和管理策略。采集调查口虾蛄样品共5028尾,体长—体质量关系的表达式为W=0.0145L2.88,为负异速生长;使用ELEFAN方法估算出口虾蛄的渐进体长L∞为19.87 cm,生长速率K为0.62 a−1。口虾蛄的生长表现出明显的季节性变化规律,生长参数的季节振幅C为0.76,10月份生长最快,4月份生长最慢。通过体长转换的渔获曲线估算出口虾蛄的总死亡系数Z为3.24 a−1,根据不同方法估算自然死亡系数M的范围为0.75~1.27 a−1,捕捞死亡系数F的估算范围为1.96~2.49 a−1,开发率的均值为0.67。YPR模型结果显示,随着F增大,YPR值呈现先上升后下降的趋势,生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的值分别为0.92a−1和1.88a−1。口虾蛄资源处于过度开发的状态,应降低捕捞压力,同时调整开捕体长,以维持口虾蛄渔业资源量和渔获量。     

Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) abundance within the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary,Scotland: recent trends and extrapolation to extinction

1. Aerial surveys have detected alarming declines in counts of harbour seals in several regions across Scotland.
2. Demographic data and simple models were used to examine the recent decline in the numbers of harbour seals counted in one population within a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) on the east coast of Scotland. The models suggest that the continuation of current trends would result in the species effectively disappearing from this area within the next 20 years.
3. While the cause of the decline is unknown, it must be reducing adult survival because the high rate of decline cannot be wholly accounted for by changes in other demographic parameters.
4. Recovery of the population to the abundance recorded at the time the SAC was designated (2005) is likely to take at least 40 years, even if the cause of the decline is immediately identified and removed.
5. The models suggest that partial removal of the cause can have only limited benefits to population recovery, and there are unlikely to be any long‐term benefits from introducing or reintroducing additional individuals while the underlying problem persists. Therefore, if the population of harbour seals in this area is to recover it is essential that the sources of the increased mortality are identified and measures are put in place to manage these.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does full protection count for the maintenance of β‐diversity patterns in marine communities? Evidence from Mediterranean fish assemblages

1. Although it is widely recognized that protection may enhance size, abundance, and diversity of fish, its effect on spatial heterogeneity of fish assemblages and species turnover is still poorly understood.
2. Here the effect of full protection within a Mediterranean marine protected area on β‐diversity patterns of fish assemblages along a depth gradient comparing a no‐take zone with multiple unprotected areas is explored. The no‐take zone showed significantly higher synecological parameters, higher β‐diversity among depths, and lower small‐scale heterogeneity of fish assemblages relative to unprotected areas.
3. Such patterns might likely depend on the high level of fishing pressure outside the no‐take zone, as also abundance‐biomass curves seemed to indicate. Results suggested that full protection could play a role in maintaining high β‐diversity, thus reducing the fragility of marine communities and ecosystems, and spatial heterogeneity may represent a reliable predictor of how management actions could provide insurance against undesirable phase shifts.

     

Seasonal movements of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern gulf of Mexico

1. Seasonal movements and core habitat areas of immature Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) in the northern Gulf of Mexico were tracked via satellite telemetry. Tagged turtles were incidentally captured by recreational fishermen and rehabilitated at the Institute for Marine Mammal Studies in Gulfport, Mississippi.
2. The average size of the core habitat areas (50% KDE (kernel density estimation)) was 1660.2 km² ± 3438.2 SD. Turtles displayed strong intra‐ and inter‐annual site fidelity to the Mississippi Sound during the spring, summer, and autumn months. During the winter months, most turtles, probably influenced by water temperatures, migrated to nearshore waters of Louisiana on either side of the Mississippi River Delta. However, other migration strategies were also observed.
3. Overall, these data indicate that the Mississippi Sound is an important developmental habitat for this critically endangered species. In addition, their wintering grounds in Louisiana are utilized by adult Kemp's ridleys and other sea turtle species as foraging grounds and migratory corridors. The high use of these areas by sea turtle populations increases the potential for negative impacts from anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. shrimp trawling, oil production, hypoxia) that occur there.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乳山近海渔业资源种类组成及变化

根据2013—2015年乳山近海拖网渔船的渔捞日志,分析了乳山近海的单位捕捞努力量渔获量、渔获种类组成及生物多样性等特征。结果表明:(1)乳山近海渔获物共有36种,隶属于19目28科33属。其中鱼类有26种,虾蟹类4种,头足类4种,水母类1种,贝类1种。(2)2013—2015年全年优势种差异明显。其中,蓝点马鲛3年均为优势种,鳀鱼是2014年和2015年优势种,网纹狮子鱼为2013年和2015年的优势种。(3)乳山近海渔获物主要集中在休渔期前后的4—5月、9—11月,渔业生产存在明显的春汛和秋汛。2013—2015年乳山近海单位捕捞努力量渔获量逐年增加,但与历史单位捕捞努力量渔获量相比还是存在明显下降;多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势一致,多样性指数和丰富度指数较高值出现在秋季;春汛和秋汛期间,渔业资源种属组成及群落结构相似性较高。     

Responses of Australian sea lions,Neophoca cinerea,to anthropogenic activities in the Perth metropolitan area,Western Australia

1. Tourist‐based activities, partly due to their rapid increase, have raised concerns regarding the impacts of anthropogenic activity on marine fauna. Documented effects on pinnipeds in proximity to humans include changes in behaviour, site use and potentially higher aggression levels towards people. Effects vary considerably between populations and sites, thus requiring separate assessment of human impacts on activity and energy budgets.
2. Responses of the endangered Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, to human visitation were recorded from November 2013 through April 2014. Exposure levels and response types to anthropogenic activities were assessed at two easily accessible locations with different management schemes, Seal (landing prohibited) and Carnac (landing permitted) islands, Western Australia. Exposure levels were measured as both stimulus type (i.e. ‘People’, ‘Paddlers’, ‘Small’, ‘Medium’, and ‘Large vessels’, ‘Tour vessels’, and ‘Jet skies’), and people (‘Direct’, ‘Attract’, ‘Interact’, ‘View’, ‘Incidental’, ‘Water’, ‘Low‐level’), and vessel activities (‘Interact’, ‘Approach/Follow’, ‘Anchor noise’, ‘Engine noise’, ‘Close to beach’, ‘Moderate/Fast travel’, ‘Slow travel’, ‘Transit’, ‘Drift/At anchor’, ‘Aircraft noise’).
3. Exposure levels varied significantly between the islands in numbers, stimuli type, duration and minimum approach distances. The instantaneous behaviours of ‘Lift head’, ‘Interact’ and ‘Sit’ were the most frequent responses. ‘Aggressive’ and ‘Retreat’ responses, the highest disturbance levels measured, occurred on Carnac approximately once per day, but rarely on Seal Island. ‘Aggressive’ behaviour towards ‘People’ was observed only on Carnac Island and elicited only by ‘People’. ‘People’, ‘Tour vessels’, and scenic ‘Aircrafts’ on both islands as well as ‘Jet skis’ on Carnac Island had the highest probability of triggering responses. Owing to their relatively high visitation at Seal Island, ‘Paddle powered vessels’, followed by ‘Tour vessels’ elicited the highest number of responses, compared with ‘People’, ‘Small’, and ‘Medium vessels’ at Carnac Island. The majority of responses occurred when any stimulus type was at short‐range (≤10 m), and ‘People’ ‘Viewing’ N. cinerea elicited most. Vessels triggered more responses at larger ranges than ‘People’.
4. To limit close‐range access to N. cinerea, one possibility is to close the beach at Carnac Island to human visitation and increase the minimum approach distance by vessels and ‘People’ by installing marker buoys at least 15 m from the shore.

© 2016 The Authors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于农田管理分区的制种玉米产量估算与限制因子评价

为了提升规模化农田不同管理分区的玉米产量,实现精准管理,该研究使用相关成分回归法(Correlated Component Regression,CCR),考虑地形因素(高程)、土壤理化性质(砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、容重、土壤含水率、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮、电导率)11个因子,评估规模化农田和聚类分析得到的3个管理区(M1、M2和M3)内产量的限制因子,并在不同分区内建立产量估算模型。模型验证结果表明:未分区的情况下,产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒、土壤有机碳、土壤含水率、速效氮和全氮,经验证,产量估算模型的决定系数(R~2)为0.70,标准均方根误差(Normalized Root Mean Square Error,nRMSE)为0.21。分区后,M1的产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒、黏粒、速效氮、电导率、全氮和全磷,M2的产量限制因子为土壤粉粒、砂粒和土壤含水率,M3的产量限制因子为高程、土壤砂粒、黏粒和电导率,产量估算模型的精度高(经验证,0.71R20.83,0.16nRMSE0.18)。对农田进行分区管理,并根据各管理区内作物产量的限制因素制定分布式管理策略,可以更具针对性地提升作物产量。     

咸-淡水交替漫灌淋洗改良滨海盐土效果

为探讨咸-淡水交替淋洗改良滨海盐土效果和节水潜力,通过土柱模拟试验,对咸-淡水交替淋洗下土壤溶液电导率变化、淋出液矿化度变化、淋洗用水量等进行了研究。结果表明,咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水(矿化度5.35 g L_-1)淋洗阶段,当100 cm深土体底部开始有淋出液时,距土表40 cm深处土壤溶液电导率下降已非常明显,而距土表80 cm、100 cm深处土壤由于盐分的聚积而电导率较高；咸水持续淋洗下40 cm深处土壤电导率始终缓慢下降,而80 cm、100 cm深处土壤电导率变化历经较快、快速、缓慢下降三个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水淋洗阶段,前期不同深度处土壤溶液电导率基本保持稳定；随着淋洗水量的增加,由土表向下不同深度位置土壤溶液电导率先后经过快速下降和缓慢下降两个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水淋洗阶段,淋出液矿化度变化经过快速、较快、缓慢下降三个过程,直至下降到7.32 g L_-1。淡水替换咸水继续淋洗下,前期淋出液矿化度保持稳定,当淡水淋洗水量增加到7 L(27.49 cm水层)时淋出液矿化度开始下降。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水、淡水淋洗阶段结束后100 cm深土体土壤平均含盐量从初始的23.92 g Kg_-1下降到5.92 g Kg_-1和1.46 g Kg_-1,咸、淡水淋洗水量分别为21.45 L和14.85 L,与对照淡水淋洗模式比较咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水节约率为25.38%。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式改良滨海盐土效果较好,且节水潜力较高,但相应需要更长的淋洗改良时间。     

围垦对滨海稻田土壤N2O还原潜力的影响

稻田湿地生态系统的N₂O还原消耗潜力对缓解大气温室气体效应具有重要意义，而滨海自然湿地围垦改造成稻田后耕层土壤的N₂O还原速率及其微生物机制却鲜有报道。选取崇明岛光滩湿地为对照（WK0），比较研究不同围垦年限（19、27、51、86 a）的围垦区稻田耕作层土壤N₂O还原速率演替规律及其微生物数量变异特征。结果表明，土壤总有机碳含量（TOC）随围垦年限增长而显著增加，而土壤pH值、SO₄^2-浓度和EC值则均随围垦年限增长而呈逐渐下降趋势。土壤N₂O还原速率随围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a稻田土壤达到25.5 μg N₂O·g^-1·d^-1，与光滩湿地相比增加了58.4%。定量PCR结果发现，功能基因nosZ Ⅰ和nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数也随着围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a的稻田土壤功能基因分别为1.72×10⁸ copies·g^-1和4.36×10⁸ copies· g^-1，比光滩湿地稻田高出一个数量级。相关性分析发现土壤N₂O还原速率与功能基因nosZ Ⅰ拷贝数呈显著正相关，而功能基因nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数随围垦年限的增加率远高于功能基因nosZ Ⅰ；N₂O还原速率、功能基因nosZ Ⅰ、nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数与3个土壤理化指标（pH、EC、SO₄^2-）均呈负相关。因此，围垦造田促进了滨海湿地土壤N₂O还原过程，而功能基因nosZ Ⅰ数量的大幅增加是N₂O还原速率增加的重要原因。